Large-diameter completion string saves time on landing and intervention operations
Early subsea wells used API drill pipe, which was available on the rig, to land production tubing and completion equipment from the surface vessel to the subsea wellhead. As total depths approached 30,000 ft, pressures increased beyond the capacity of standard API drill pipe and rotary-shouldered connections with gas-tight, metal-to-metal seals. This led to the development of dedicated completion tubulars, starting in the early 2000s, but further improvements were still possible.
To allow for clearance of the wellhead crown plug and in- stallation of completion components, tubulars for completion landing strings and intervention pipe in deepwater operations must provide a large internal drift (ID) diameter. Currently available strings have proven insufficient for running and re- trieval of wellhead crown plugs on many large ID subsea trees; standard 6?-in. pipe only allows a maximum drift diameter of 5? in., requiring operators to use casing tubulars on trees with larger crown plugs, which are more difficult to use.
To address this shortcoming, National Oilwell Varco (NOV) developed a completion landing string (CLS) using 7?-in. pipe and a built-for-purpose, gas-tight, large-drift, pressure-rated, rotary-shouldered connection, Fig. 1. To be compatible with the iron roughnecks and pipe-handling equipment deployed on Gulf of Mexico (GOM) rigs, the new connection optimizes OD and makeup torque.
IMPLEMENTATION WITH SUBSEA TREES
The type of subsea production tree used in offshore opera- tions plays an important role in determining string specifica- tions. Differences in crown plug diameter between vertical and horizontal subsea production trees, for example, impact the size of the CLS or intervention string. Subsea vertical trees have a dual-bore configuration, with crown plugs for both the annu- lus and production bores. Conversely, horizontal subsea trees incorporate the annulus, which is controlled by gate valves in- stead of plugs, into the body of the tree. The crown plug in such a monobore design has a larger diameter than those found in Advantages of the new CLS. The horizontal subsea trees’ larger-diameter crown plugs demand a larger drift diameter than is available on a standard 6?-in. CLS. This shortcoming has meant that premium casing must be used frequently for landing subsea completions, when the necessary drift diame- ter exceeds 5? in. Premium casing provides a gas-tight, metal- to-metal seal connection and the larger drift diameter needed to pass larger crown plugs. But this also increases deployment time, requires casing running crews, and incurs higher repair costs. Premium casing has, until now, been the only option that could be used in such operations, but the development of the 7?-in. CLS changes this, providing distinct advantages in the field.
Normal rig-up and pipe-running procedures are main- tained with the new CLS, and standard mechanized pipe- handling systems, elevators, iron roughnecks, and slips can still be used. The robustness of the rotary-shouldered connec- tion ensures that connections can be made up and broken out several times without damage or loss of performance, while casing connections are designed for a minimum number of make-ups and can have high repair costs. The new CLS also eliminates the need for premium connection technicians and torque-monitoring equipment and personnel. The reduction of people active on the rig floor increases operational safety, resulting in fewer HSE accidents. Operationally, savings are realized from faster make-up, using the new connection tech- nology in the CLS.
STRING DESIGN AND CONNECTION DEVELOPMENT
To efficiently solve the evolving subsea completion chal- lenges, a CLS was required with a 7-? in. OD tube body to increase the drift diameter to a minimum of 6? in. An exter- nal upset design was incorporated to maximize the tool joint’s ID while providing the required weld area. A maximum make- up torque of 100,000 ft/lb, and a maximum tool joint OD of 9? in., were required to be within the capability of typical iron roughnecks.
Additionally, the connection had to have a minimum inter- nal pressure rating of 20,000 psi, combined with a minimum ex- ternal pressure rating of 10,000 psi, with the tube body pressure rating equal to, or in excess of, the connection pressure rating. This was achieved by using pipe with a wall thickness of .625 in. and a specified minimum yield strength of 150 ksi. Range 3 joints also were required to reduce the number of connection make-ups/break-outs, and to provide cost savings from reduced run times, as compared to Range 2 strings.
The objective was to create the largest pressure-rated, gas- tight, rotary-shouldered connection for a 7?-in. completion tubular. A proven radial metal-to-metal seal technology, which provides necessary pressure ratings, was combined with an optimized connection geometry (taper, pitch, thread height, ID chamfer), to ensure relatively low make-up torque for such a large connection, meeting the connection’s design require- ments. The primary seal is the radial metal-to-metal seal on the pin nose, and the external shoulder provides the second- ary seal.
The internal shoulder, which is not considered a pressure seal, acts as a torque stop to enable the pipe to be racked back on the pin nose during tripping operations without damag- ing the sealing area. It was important to optimize interference, which is a critical parameter of the radial metal-to-metal seal’s effectiveness, to ensure adequate contact stresses at the seal- ing surfaces. Excessive interference potentially leads to gall- ing, while insufficient interference inhibits the connection’s ability to seal.
Validation testing. During the development process, en- gineers employed finite element analyses (FEA) to verify stress distribution in the connection and optimize radial seal interference, Fig. 2. Two-dimensional axisymmetric models of the connection were generated, and nonlinear stress-strain curve data, representing a specified minimum yield strength of 130,000 psi for material properties, were used to simulate elastoplastic behavior.
Imposing interferences at the shoulders and radial seal allow for simulation of applied make-up torque, assuming a friction coefficient of 0.08 at contact surfaces throughout the analysis. FEA results verified the selected dimensions and tolerances provided stress states that were comfortably within the material capabilities under the loading bound by the connection operat- ing envelope.
Full-scale simulation. It was determined that comprehensive, full-scale physical testing of the new connection was necessary to verify that it would perform as intended. A two-phase testing program was developed, using API methodologies, to address this need, Fig. 3. The first phase involved galling resistance (make and break) testing, which subjected the connection samples to multiple make-up and break-out cycles, to assess the connection’s durability. The second phase involved seal- ability testing, which subjected the same connection samples to a range of combined loading conditions, including elevated temperature, axial tension and compression loads, and internal and external pressures.
The sample connections passed the make-and-break test successfully, with break-out torque correlating closely with the-oretical values. There was no visible galling on the shoulders, threads, or radial metal-to-metal seal. Additionally, no leaks were observed during any of the tests, and the samples com- pleted the sealability combined load testing successfully, which verified the connection’s internal and external pressure ratings at 20,000 and 10,000 psi, respectively.
FIELD TEST/LIVE WELL APPLICATION
A field trial and qualification of the 7?-in. CLS tubular were conducted in May 2016 aboard an ultra-deepwater drillship. The purpose of the qualification was to assure compatibility of the new, larger-sized tubular with the drillship’s pipe handling and running equipment, and to validate the connection’s make- up and break-out performance under field conditions. Person- nel from the operator, the drilling contractor, a rental company, and the manufacturer were in attendance.
The 7?-in. CLS tubulars have a specified drift of 6? in. The pipe was drifted with a 6.076-in. diameter drift. The sub- sea tree’s lower crown plug had a 5.2-in. OD, and the upper crown plug has a 5.781-in. OD. Make-ups and break-outs were conducted with an iron roughneck that had a rated capacity of 100,000 ft/lb make-up and 120,000 ft/lb break-out. The iron roughneck provided clearance for the 9?-in. OD tool joints. Make-up and break-out torque values were acceptable, and the rig’s iron roughneck was determined to be capable.
Using the rig’s pipe-handling system, there were no issues observed with the drillship’s pipe-laydown system and pipe- running system, nor their ability to properly transport and handle the 7?-in. CLS tubulars. To ensure proper fit into the rig’s vertical tubular racking system, the two stands were racked back in both side-by-side and piggy-back orientations. The team encountered no issues during the test, and tool joint and tube ODs were compatible with the tubular racking sys- tem. The necessary crossovers, pup joints, inside BOP valves, safety valves, and lift caps were manufactured for use with the 7?-in. CLS.
Deployment. The 7?-in. CLS has been deployed on four completions in the GOM. The strings were picked up and racked back with conventional rig handling equipment, since tubular running services were not required. This enabled crews to pick up and rack back stands between multiple other opera- tions, and utilize rig flat time when available. The additional costs associated with using casing, tubular running services, and related equipment were avoided. When requested by the operator, the manufacturer and rental company provided a rep- resentative onboard to train the rig crew and assist in picking up the CLS and racking back. The rig crew, manufacturer field services, and rental company quality assurance developed a solid care and handling procedure.
The rig crew was pleased with the ease of running the 7?-in. CLS, and became more comfortable and efficient in running the CLS as they gained experience. The connections made up easily, and no noticeable issues were observed. Both the operator and the drilling contractor agreed that the new string ran quicker and safer than the previous casing landing string. The connection time was reduced by a minimum of 4 min. per connection, slip to slip, in comparison to the previous premium casing connection landing string, resulting in ap- proximately 3.5 to 10 hr of time savings running the comple- tion。
CONCLUSION
The 7?-in. CLS was successfully developed, performance tested and deployed. This first large-diameter, purpose-built, gas-tight completion and intervention tubular provides 6?-in. internal drift diameter, new connection technology, and is com- patible with the iron roughnecks and pipe-handling equipment on current GOM rigs.
Requiring only the rig’s conventional pipe make-up and handling equipment, and no specialized equipment or addi- tional personnel, flat time was utilized to make up and rack back stands, increasing overall rig efficiency. The string ran approxi-mately 4 min./joint faster, slip to slip, than the previously used premium connection casing landing strings, Fig. 4. The string was run in hole safely, with the umbilical using the tubular run- ning services’ slips and personnel, and the trip out of hole was safe and efficient.
Plans going forward. Based on these successful deploy- ments in the GOM, other operators are considering adopting this technology in the region and in other parts of the world. Major service companies are also considering including it in their offerings for well completion and intervention. In addi- tion to large drift diameter completion applications, the de- velopment of 7?-in. rotary-shouldered pipe will enable high- capacity drilling landing strings, with capacities approaching 4 million lb. NOV also has qualified the processes necessary to offer a variation of the 7?-in. product with a thicker section of tube below the box tool joint to resist slip-crushing under such high tensile loads. Ultimately, 7?-in. drill pipe will become an enabling technology for future ultra-deep and ultra-extended reach wells.
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