
今年,美國原油出口翻倍,中國再度成全球原油最大買家。
作者 | 甲基橙
一、 全球原油出口國TOP15
當前,除汽車之外,原油是全球貿易中出口量最大的商品,單是2016年,原油出口額就高達6781億美元,占全球商品出口總額的4.3%。然而,受國際油價震蕩影響,這一數字較2012年下降了59.4%之多,較2015年下降了11.4%。那么,原油出口最多的國家和地區又有哪些變化?
2016年,整個中東國家的原油出口額仍為最高,達3106億美元,占全球原油出口總額的45.8%,相比之下,歐洲占17.7%,非洲占12.6%,北美占9.3%,亞洲占6.8%。拉丁美洲(不包括墨西哥)和加勒比海的原油出口額占6.7%。
圖1為2016年全球排名靠前的十五大原油出口國及其出口額占全球原油出口總額的比例。

分析可知,與2012年的出口額相比,2016年,上述所有產油國的原油出口均出現了大幅下降,伊拉克下降32.5%,尼日利亞下降72.8%,委內瑞拉下降70.4%,墨西哥下降66.9%,哈薩克斯坦下降65.7%,安哥拉下降63.5%。由于大部分產油國對石油收入存在嚴重的依賴,兩年多的低油價造成了這些國家出現了嚴重的財政赤字。近日,以沙特為首的海灣國家“群毆”卡塔爾,使中東局勢再次動蕩,其影響可能危及整個中東地區的石油供給。
二、 全球原油凈出口國TOP15
然而,出口原油多的國家并非是原油凈出口國家,原油凈出口額為原油總出口額與總進口額之間的差值,也就是說,產油國的原油出口額與進口額之間存在一定盈余。一些產油大國受其國內經濟成長影響,對原油需求躥升,因此他們并非為凈原油進口國。圖2是2016年全球原油凈出口最多的國家及其凈出口額與2012年的對比。

沙特阿拉伯是原油凈出口最多的國家,這也是沙特王室為什么會成為世界上最富有家族的原因。俄羅斯和伊拉克也保持其凈出口國的排名。從另一個角度看,這些國家充足的原油產量確保了他們在市場上明顯的競爭優勢。
石油目前仍處于買方市場。那么,受油價波動影響,全球原油進口最多的國家有哪些變化呢?
三、 全球原油進口國TOP10
圖3為2016年全球原油凈進口最多的國家及其進口額與2012年的對比。

很明顯,中國是全球第一大原油進口國。與2012年原油出口額相比,各國原油進口均有大幅下降,這主要受2012年以來全球原油赤字影響,而中國原油國際貿易逆差最為緩慢。與2012年相比,中國的原油赤字下滑了47.3%之多。
如今,OPEC減產協議執行情況充滿不確定性、美國石油生產不斷創歷史新高,全球原油市場供需不平衡的局面很可能仍將持續更長時間,而原油買方市場特征依舊明顯,在這里,中國和美國將起到關鍵作用。
四、 美國的原油進口狀況將會改變
雖然近來美國油氣產量一直在創歷史新高,但美國仍是體量很大的原油進口國,在過去30年,美國從全球各地進口的原油超過91億桶,圖4是其原油進口最多的國家排名,這些國家的進口額占美國原油進口總額的86%。

美國國內油氣產量持續大幅增長正在改變美國的能源格局,給美國帶來廣泛的經濟、安全和地緣政治影響力。根據EIA的資料,由于頁巖油氣產量持續從全球油氣行業低迷中復蘇,2018年美國石油產量將達到47年來的最高,其凈進口量和消費量均在逐步減少。同時,美國今年的原油出口將翻倍,逐漸從凈進口國向出口國轉變。
五、 中國原油進口格局多元化
根據近期的EIA周報可知,因擔心對亞洲的原油供應趨緊、產油國減產計劃延至明年3月以及國內煉廠增加海外銷售需求,中國5月份原油進口大幅增加,并再次成為全球最大的原油進口國。根據中國海關總署公布的數據顯示,中國5月進口原油876萬桶/天,高于美國同期812萬桶/天的原油日均進口量,同時,較去年同期提高15%,比4月亦高出近8%。
中國再次成為全球原油最大買家,這說明中國的對外石油依存度仍在不斷上漲。此前就有報道稱,中國對外石油依存度已經超過65%,未來將會更大,而中國也在不斷開拓渠道,從多個國家進口原油。
過去,中國一半的原油進口來自于沙特、安哥拉和伊朗等OPEC國家,近年來,中國進口了更多美國和巴西的原油。同時,受OPEC減產影響,中國對非洲原油依賴度也達到了前所未有的程度。
受中國國內原油的減產影響和獨立地煉企業需求旺盛支撐,2016年俄羅斯首次取代沙特阿拉伯,成為中國最大原油供應國。

由圖5可知,2016年俄羅斯對中國的原油出口增長近1/4,達105萬桶/日,沙特位列第二,對中國原油出口量為102萬桶/日,較上年同期增長0.9%。第三大進口國是安哥拉,該國2016年供應量較2015年增長13%,排名第四的是伊拉克。去年中國還增加了從南美國家的原油進口,從巴西的進口量增長37.6%,從委內瑞拉進口量增長26%。
中國的原油進口量在2012-2016年年間增加220萬桶/天,非OPEC國家所貢獻的原油市場份額增長明顯,從34%增至43%,主要是俄羅斯、阿曼與巴西,而巴西和英國變化不大。
Oil is the world’s number 2 export product outpaced only by exported cars. Amounting to 4.3% of the global value of all export products, crude oil shipments totaled US$678.1 billion for 2016.
That figure represents a -59.4% drop in value since 2012 and a -11.4% decline from 2015 to 2016.
Middle Eastern countries accounted for the highest dollar value worth of crude oil exports during 2016 with shipments valued at $310.6 billion or 45.8% of global crude oil exports. This compares with 17.7% for Europe, 12.6% for Africa, 9.3% for North America, 6.8% for Asia and 6.7% for Latin America (excluding Mexico) and Caribbean exporters.
The 4-digit Harmonized Tariff System code prefix for crude oil is 2709.
Crude Oil Exports by Country
Below are the 15 countries that exported the highest dollar value worth of crude oil during 2016:
Saudi Arabia: US$136.2 billion (20.1% of total crude oil exports)
Russia: $73.7 billion (10.9%)
Iraq: $46.3 billion (6.8%)
Canada: $39.5 billion (5.8%)
United Arab Emirates: $38.9 billion (5.7%)
Kuwait: $30.7 billion (4.5%)
Iran: $29.1 billion (4.3%)
Nigeria: $27 billion (4%)
Angola: $25.2 billion (3.7%)
Norway: $22.6 billion (3.3%)
Venezuela: $20.4 billion (3%)
Kazakhstan: $19.4 billion (2.9%)
Mexico: $15.5 billion (2.3%)
Qatar: $14.6 billion (2.2%)
United Kingdom: $13.3 billion (2%)
All of the above international traders posted declines in the value of their crude oil exports from 2012 to 2016, ranging from -32.5% for Iraq to -72.8% for Nigeria. Other fast-declining crude oil exporters were: Venezuela (down -70.4%), Mexico (down -66.9%), Kazakhstan (down -65.7%) and Angola (down -63.4%).
The listed 15 countries accounted for 81.4% of all crude oil exports in 2016 (by value).
The following countries posted the highest positive net exports for crude oil during 2016. Investopedia defines net exports as the value of a country’s total exports minus the value of its total imports. Thus, the statistics below present the surplus between the value of each country’s crude oil exports and its import purchases for that same commodity.
Saudi Arabia: US$136.2 billion (net export surplus down -55.4% since 2012)
Russia: $73.6 billion (down -59.3%)
Iraq: $46.3 billion (down -24.3%)
United Arab Emirates: $38.5 billion (down -60.1%)
Kuwait: $30.7 billion (down -60.9%)
Iran: $29.1 billion (down -44.9%)
Canada: $28.6 billion (down -36.5%)
Nigeria: $27 billion (down -72.8%)
Angola: $25.2 billion (down -63.4%)
Norway: $22.5 billion (down -58%)
Venezuela: $20.4 billion (down -70.4%)
Kazakhstan: $19.4 billion (down -64.3%)
Mexico: $15.5 billion (down -66.9%)
Qatar: $14.6 billion (down -44.1%)
Oman: $12.9 billion (down -58%)
Saudi Arabia has the highest surplus in the international trade of crude oil. In turn, this positive cashflow confirms Saudi’s strong competitive advantage for this specific product category.
The following countries posted the highest negative net exports for crude oil during 2016. Investopedia defines net exports as the value of a country’s total exports minus the value of its total imports. Thus, the statistics below present the deficit between the value of each country’s crude oil import purchases and its exports for that same commodity.
China: -US$115.2 billion (net export deficit down -47.3% since 2012)
United States: -$99.8 billion (down -68.7%)
India: -$60.9 billion (down -59.1%)
Japan: -$50.8 billion (down -66.8%)
South Korea: -$44.2 billion (down -59.2%)
Germany: -$28.7 billion (down -62.5%)
Netherlands: -$22.3 billion (down -61%)
Italy: -$18.7 billion (down -66.8%)
Spain: -$18.4 billion (down -60.2%)
France: -$17.9 billion (down -62.1%)
Singapore: -$15.1 billion (down -62.3%)
Thailand: -$14.7 billion (down -56.9%)
Taiwan: -$12.9 billion (down -63.9%)
Belgium: -$10.7 billion (down -60.5%)
Poland: -$7.1 billion (down -63.7%)
China incurred the highest deficit in the international trade of crude oil albeit at a slowing pace given the -47.3% drop in its crude oil deficit size since 2012. Still, the negative cashflow highlights China’s strong competitive disadvantage for this specific product category. The other side of the coin is that these deficits signal opportunities for crude oil-supplying countries that help satisfy the powerful demand, but also for entrepreneurs who develop alternative energy sources that can power industrial economies.
Crude Oil Exporting Companies
Based on the Forbes 2016 Global 2000 rankings, the following oil and gas companies are among the top 100 largest companies in the world:
Exxon Mobil (United States)
PetroChina (China)
Royal Dutch Shell (Netherlands)
BP (United Kingdom)
Chevron (United States)
Gazprom (Russia)
Total (France)
Sinopec-China Petroleum (China)
Petrobras (Brazil)
Rosneft (Russia)
Eni (Italy)
Statoil (Norway)
ConocoPhillips (United States)
LukOil (Russia)
The above corporations are presented in the same order as they appear in Forbes listings. Shown within parentheses is the country where each conglomerate has its headquarters.
未經允許,不得轉載本站任何文章:
-
- 甲基橙
-
石油圈認證作者
- 畢業于中國石油大學(華東),化學工程與技術專業,長期聚焦國內外油氣行業最新最有價值的行業動態,具有數十萬字行業觀察編譯經驗,如需獲取油氣行業分析相關資料,請聯系甲基橙(QQ:1085652456;微信18202257875)